Journal of Education and Learning; Vol. 8, No. 1; 2019 ISSN 1927-5250 E-ISSN 1927-5269 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Leisure Constraint Questionnaire Mehmet Ali ÖZTÜRK1, Ahmet YIKILMAZ2 & Eyyüp SARIKOL2 1
School of Physical Education and Sports, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey
2
School of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey
Correspondence: Mehmet Ali Öztürk, School of Physical Education and Sports, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 23, 2018
Accepted: November 19, 2018
Online Published: December 30, 2018
doi:10.5539/jel.v8n1p150
URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n1p150
Abstract The purpose of this study to adapt to Turkish version by applying validity and reliability test of Leisure Constraint Questionnaire (LCQ) developed by Alexander and Carroll (1997). 214 (62.4%) men and 129 (37.6%) women, total of 343 people was participated to the study working as public officers in Iğdır. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Reliability Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to Turkish version of the scale after translated to Turkish. When the EFA results are examined Anti Imaj Correlation (AIC) cross correlation coefficients of all items greater than 0.5 and It has been decided to use all items in the analysis. After Principal Component Analaysis (PCA), there are 7 factors with eigenvalue greater than 1 and the contribution of these factors to the total variance is 56.806% were determined. The factors belonging to the items were determined by Rotated Component Matrix (VARIMAX). The tests of Cronbach’s Alpha (CA), Spearman-Brown Correlation (SBC) and Guttman Split Half Correlation (GSHC) were performed for reliability of the scale. The value of CA: 0.876, SBC: 0.754 and GSHC: 0.754 were found for the all items. Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Goodness-of-fit index (GFI) and he Normed Fit Index (NFI) were used for the CFA. As a result of CFA analysis; the value of CFI: 0.94, GFI: 0.96 and NFI: 0.93 were found. It has been concluded that the scale of adaptation to Turkish is valid and reliable and also it was composed of 7 factors and 29 items like original scale. Keywords: leisure time, constraint, validity, reliability 1. Introduction Although there is no universal definition of leisure time; leisure time is typically described as free time as a time period for activities to get pleasure (Kindal et al., 2010). According to many scientists, leisure time; the various activities that we want, or suggested to us, are defined as the time we perform in accordance with our wishes and in return for a financial gain (Sındık & Puljic, 2010). In other words, leisure time is a time when the person will be free of all difficulties or relations for himself and others and will take an action of his own will (Güngörmüş et al., 2006). Therefore, the free time includes the non working time period (İlhan & Balcı, 2006). The first thing that comes to mind when participating in leisure activities is that they are in a time frame. First of all, it is necessary to talk about a free time outside of the work that is performed or routine. According to T. Veblen, the term ‘leisure time with his work The Theory of the Leisure Class ‘published in 1899; expresses neither laziness nor rest. For him, free time is the consumption of time without production. In order to eliminate the complexity of the definition; food, sleep and sexual needs, such as physiological, family and business life, except for the occupational activities, depending on the individual’s preference alone or as a group can be defined as the time devoted to activities performed freely (Aslantürk & Amman, 2009). For many years, the focus of studies on leisure time has been more related to leisure time constraints (Samdahl & Jekubovich, 1997). Empirical studies, especially after the millennium, have been presented on the whole population, such as adult individuals, women and people with disabilities (Casper et al., 2011). One of the most frequently cited articles has tested multivariate models of analysis, including relationships between constraints, negotiation, motivation and participation (Hubbard & Mannell, 2001). Never the less, cross cultural college students have been studied extensively with varying degrees of differences (Guo & Schneider, 2015). Confirmatory factor analysis is a widely used method in which participants’ perceptions are highly dependent
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and each may have different scaling standards (Ting-Wen & Chung-Tai, 2016). Factors affecting leisure activities started to be examined in the 1950s (Reeder & Linkowski, 1976; Witt & Goodale, 1981). In the first studies on leisure time, participation barriers were more involved (Searle ve Jackson, 1985). In the process, not only the reasons that barriers physical activity, but also the reasons that make it difficult have attracted the attention of academics and the researchers started to use these two dimensions under the name of an “constraints”(Crawford & Godbey, 1987; Crawford & Huston, 1993). For this reason, instead of the word of barriers today, the word of constraints has become a preferred concept (Crawford et al., 1991; Jackson, 1990). Studies examining factors that constraints leisure activities have increased significantly in the 1980s (Jackson, 1991). In these studies; In time activities, changing trends have been examined and people and societies are classified according to their tendency to choose leisure activities (Jackson & Witt, 1994). Leisure constraints are commonly defined as factors which affect individuals’ formation of leisure preferences for particular activities and limit their ability to participate in the activities (Jackson & Scott, 1999). Crawford and Godbey (1987), in the model they developed, the factors that restrict participation in leisure time activities are grouped into three main groups: structural, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Structural constraints which are the most important and most studied constraints (Jackson, 2005), generally refer to physical constraints, geographical conditions such as bad weather, financial difficulties and time constraints (Walker & Virden, 2005). Raymore et al. (1993) presented a comprehensive measure of leisure constraints based on the literatures (Crawford & Godbey, 1987; Crawford et al., 1991). Each of the constraints is consisted of seven aspects. Intrapersonal constraints include: religion, self-conscious, shy, skill, uncomfortable, alright with family, and alright with family. Interpersonal constraints include: others’ know activities, others’ money, others’ obligations, others’ skills, others’ time, others’ transport, and others too far. Structural constraints include convenient, know what’s available, money, not crowded, other. Studies on this field in our country are limited. In order to contribute to the current literature, the aim of this study was to evaluate the Turkish validity and reliability of the “Leisure Constraints Scale” which was developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) and used in many studies. 2. Method 2.1 Model of Research The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the Leisure Contstraint Questionnaire (LCQ) developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997). The descriptive survey model was used in the research. The descriptive survey model is known as a research approach that aims to describe a situation that has existed in the past or is still present. In this model, the individual, subject, event, subject to the study is tried to be defined in its own conditions and as it is (Karasar, 2000). The Turkish adaptation study of the LCQ which was applied in order to determine the participants’ restrictions on recreational sportive activities, was performed using Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). 2.2 Sampling The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the Leisure Contstraint Questionnaire (LCQ) developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997). The descriptive survey model was used in the research. The descriptive survey model is known as a research approach that aims to describe a situation that has existed in the past or is still present. In this model, the individual, subject, event, subject to the study is tried to be defined in its own conditions and as it is (Karasar, 2000). The Turkish adaptation study of the LCQ which was applied in order to determine the participants’ restrictions on recreational sportive activities, was performed using Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). 2.3 Data Collection Tool The original of the scale (Leisure Constraints Questionnaire) was developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) by applying 153 people in Larissa, Greece. After the factor analysis, it was determined that the scale was composed of 7 sub-dimensions (factors) given below and the contribution of these factors to the total variance was 61%. Distribution of the items in the scale to factors: •
Psychological: 7 items including psychological and personal constraints.
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Knowledge: 4 items that participants are not aware of opportunities.
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Facilities: 5 items associated with the facility and service.
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Accessibility: 4 items relating to financial and access.
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Interest: 3 items related to the lack of interest or lack of interest from past experiences.
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Partners: 3 items related to the absence of persons / persons to participate in the activities together.
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Time: 3 items associated with the time problem.
As a result of the internal consistency analysis applied to the scale, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for all of the scale and for each sub-dimension was between 0.59 and 0.81 and the scale was accepted as reliable for usability in research (Alexandris ve Carroll, 1997). 2.4 Analysis of Data The translation of the scale into Turkish by a language expert, and then, by another language expert, the Turkish materials were translated into English and the questions were adapted to the original scale. With KMO and Bartlett tests, it was checked whether the scale was suitable for factor analysis. After determining the feasibility of factor analysis, Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA), Reliability Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied to the scale. According to EFA results; After Anti Image Correlation (AIC), the cross-correlation coefficients of all items were found to be greater than 0.5 and it was decided not to remove any items from the analysis. After Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 7 factors (psychological, knowledge, interest, partners, accessibility, facilities and time) with eigenvalues greater than 1 were found and the contribution of these factors to total variance was found to be 56,806%. The items belonging to these factors were determined by VARIMAX technique of Rotated Component Matrix (RCM). Cronbach’s Alpha (CA), Spearman-Brown Correlation (SBC) and Guttman Split Half Correlation (GSHC) tests were performed to determine the reliability of the scale and found to be CA: 0.876, SBC: 0.754 and GSHC: 0.754. In addition, the CA test was performed for 7 factors of the scale and the CA value for the sub-dimensions was determined as psychological: 0.712, knowledge: 0.734, interest: 0.721, partners: 0.716, accessibility: 0.771, facilities: 0.740 and time: 0.726. The CFA chi-square / degree of freedom (χ2) ratio was performed using the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and the Normed Fit Index (NFI) analyzes. As a result of CFA analysis, CFI: 0.94, GFI: 0.96, NFI: 0.93 were determined. One of the most important model fit indices in CFA is the χ2 value. χ2 The goodness of fit gives a measure of how far the observed correlation matrix is away from the theoretical correlation matrix. One of the criteria that the model and the data fit well is that the χ2 value is low. In evaluating the fit indices; CFI of 0.97 and above good, acceptable level between 0.95 and 0.97, GFI and NFI 0.95 and above good, 0.90-0.95 between the acceptable level is expressed as. As a result of the analysis; It was concluded that the scale adapted to Turkish was valid and reliable and consisted of 7 factors and 29 items, as in the original scale. 3. Results Table 1. KMO and Bartlett test of sphericity results Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin Sampling Proficiency Measurement chi-square Bartlett Test of Sphericity df P
0.824 2599.002 406 000
Table 2. Cronbach alpha, spearman brown and split half correlations (all scale) and cronbach alpha test (sub-dimensions) Factors (Sub-Dimensions) Psychological Knowledge Facilities Accessibility Interest Partners Time All Scale
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.712 0.734 0.740 0.771 0.721 0.716 0.726 0.876
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Spearman-Brown
Guttman Split Half
0.754
0.754
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The suitability of sample size for factor analysis was measured by KMO and Barlett’s Sphericity test in Table 1. When Table 1 is examined, KMO value was determined as 0,824 and data were found to be suitable for factor analysis. The value of Bartlett Sphericity was found to be p